วันอาทิตย์ที่ 29 ธันวาคม พ.ศ. 2556
Methods of Discovery: A Guide to Research Writing
by Pavel Zemliansky, Ph.D
Ref: http://methodsofdiscovery.net/?q=node/4
Ref: http://methodsofdiscovery.net/?q=node/4
Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) approaches
The CDA
approaches, it can find all the theoretical levels of sociological and
socio-psychological theory (the concept of different theoretical levels is in
the tradition of Merton, 1967: 39–72):
- Epistemology, i.e. theories which provide models of the
conditions, contingencies and limit of human perception in general and
scientific perception in particular.
- General social theories, often called ‘grand theories’,
try to conceptualize the relations between social structure and social action
and thus link micro- and macro-sociological phenomena.Within this level, one
can distinguish between the more structuralist and the more individualist approaches.
To put it very simply, the former provide top-down explanations (structure>action),
whereas the latter prefer bottom-up explanations (action>structure). Many
modern theories try to reconcile these positions and imply some kind of
circularity between social action and social structure.
- Middle-range theories focus either upon specific social
phenomena (e.g. conflict, cognition, social networks) or on specific subsystems
of society (e.g. economy, politics, religion).
- Micro-sociological theories try to explain social
interaction, for example the resolution of the double contingency problem
(Parsons and Shils, 1951: 3–29) or the reconstruction of everyday procedures
which members of a society use to create their own social order, which is the
objective of ethno-methodology.
- Socio-psychogical theories concentrate upon the social
conditions of emotion and cognition and, compared to micro-sociology, prefer
causal explanations to a hermeneutic understanding of meaning.
- Discourse theories aim at the conceptualization of
discourse as a social phenomenon and try to explain its genesis and its
structure.
- Linguistic theories, e.g. theories of argumentation, of
grammar, of rhetoric, try to describe and explain the pattern specific to
language systems and verbal communication.
Ref: Ruth Wodak and Michael Meyer, Critical Discourse Analysis: History, Agenda,Theory, and
Methodology, page 24-25
วันเสาร์ที่ 28 ธันวาคม พ.ศ. 2556
Difference Between Overt and Covert Behavior
The English language is full of words that sound similar but have very different meanings. For example, overt and covert are easy to confuse when read or heard, but they have opposite meanings. The two terms are frequently used by psychologist to describe two different types of behavior. Simply put, overt behavior is something other people can see, while covert behavior is hidden. It is easy to remember to the difference between the two by thinking of the words open and close. Both overt and open begin with the letter o, while covert and close both start with the letter c.
In psychological terms, overt behavior includes anything that is directly observable, like walking, talking and biking. Covert behavior is not observable and includes thinking and imagining. Some covert behaviors are detectable through special means, while others are truly private and completely undetectable. Observable covert behaviors include things like a heart beating. Normally an unobservable behavior, a beating heart is monitorable. By using special equipment, a heart beat can be heard by many people simultaneously. Other equipment can detect symptoms of nervousness. No equipment that currently exists can monitor things like thought and imagination. These convert behaviors remain truly private. Overt and covert antisocial behaviors are frequently discussed because people who exhibit antisocial behaviors are at a disadvantage in society. Children and adolescents who display antisocial behaviors are much more likely to experience depression as adults. This starts a snowball effect because antisocial behaviors are largely influenced by family and parenting factors. Children of parents with deviant or antisocial behaviors are much more likely to develop these behaviors, themselves. Overt antisocial behaviors include aggression towards peers, resentment, negativity and irritability. Covert antisocial behaviors include anxiety and less participation in social activities, such as sports and clubs. Understanding the difference between overt and covert behaviors is important to psychologists, but other interested people may enjoy knowing about these behaviors, too. user www.sfsu.edu or www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
http://www.reference.com/motif/society/difference-between-overt-and-covert-behavior
In psychological terms, overt behavior includes anything that is directly observable, like walking, talking and biking. Covert behavior is not observable and includes thinking and imagining. Some covert behaviors are detectable through special means, while others are truly private and completely undetectable. Observable covert behaviors include things like a heart beating. Normally an unobservable behavior, a beating heart is monitorable. By using special equipment, a heart beat can be heard by many people simultaneously. Other equipment can detect symptoms of nervousness. No equipment that currently exists can monitor things like thought and imagination. These convert behaviors remain truly private. Overt and covert antisocial behaviors are frequently discussed because people who exhibit antisocial behaviors are at a disadvantage in society. Children and adolescents who display antisocial behaviors are much more likely to experience depression as adults. This starts a snowball effect because antisocial behaviors are largely influenced by family and parenting factors. Children of parents with deviant or antisocial behaviors are much more likely to develop these behaviors, themselves. Overt antisocial behaviors include aggression towards peers, resentment, negativity and irritability. Covert antisocial behaviors include anxiety and less participation in social activities, such as sports and clubs. Understanding the difference between overt and covert behaviors is important to psychologists, but other interested people may enjoy knowing about these behaviors, too. user www.sfsu.edu or www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
http://www.reference.com/motif/society/difference-between-overt-and-covert-behavior
วันอาทิตย์ที่ 22 ธันวาคม พ.ศ. 2556
Narathiwat tourism development strategies 2012 – 2016
ยุทธศาสตร์การพัฒนาการท่องเที่ยวจังหวัดนราธิวาส พ.ศ.๒๕๕๕ – ๒๕๕๙
วิสัยทัศน์ พันธกิจ วัตถุประสงค์
และเป้าหมายการพัฒนาการท่องเที่ยวจังหวัดนราธิวาส
วิสัยทัศน์
“ดินแดนท่องเที่ยวเชิงอนุรักษ์และบริการในระดับสากลเพื่อรองรับการท่องเที่ยวและการค้าชายแดน”
Vision
"Land of international ecotourism and service which supports tourism and border trade."
"Land of international ecotourism and service which supports tourism and border trade."
พันธกิจ
๑. ส่งเสริม สนับสนุนพัฒนาแหล่งท่องเที่ยวเชิงอนุรักษ์
และวัฒนธรรมของจังหวัด
๒.
พัฒนายกระดับมาตรฐานสินค้าและบริการด้านการท่องเที่ยว
๓. เพิ่มจำนวนนักท่องเที่ยวและรายได้
๔. ส่งเสริม
ด้านการประชาสัมพันธ์และการตลาดเพื่อสนับสนุนการท่องเที่ยว
Mission
1. Promoting and developing eco-tourism and local culture.
2. Developing product and service standards.
3. Increasing number of tourists and revenue.
4. Promoting public relations and marketing to support tourism.
2. Developing product and service standards.
3. Increasing number of tourists and revenue.
4. Promoting public relations and marketing to support tourism.
ประเด็นยุทธศาสตร์
เพื่อการพัฒนาการท่องเที่ยวจังหวัดนราธิวาส
การพัฒนาการท่องเที่ยวของจังหวัดนราธิวาส
เพื่อให้บรรลุเป้าประสงค์และวิสัยทัศน์ที่กล่าวมาข้างต้น
จำเป็นต้องมีการดำเนินการพร้อมกันไปในหลายด้าน โดยมาตรการแต่ละด้านจะต้องหนุนเสริมซึ่งกันและกันอย่างเป็นระบบ
และสามารถส่งผลลัพธ์ที่เป็นรูปธรรมได้อย่างแท้จริงในช่วงเวลาของแผนฯ ดังนั้น
จึงจำเป็นต้องมีการดำเนินการเชิงกลยุทธ์ที่เน้นเฉพาะกิจกรรมสำคัญ ๆ
Strategic
issues for tourism development in Narathiwat
Tourism development in Narathiwat to achieve its goals
and vision mentioned above need to be
performed simultaneously on many fronts. Each side
measures must reinforce each other in a systematic way. So
that it can truly deliver tangible results in the period of the Plan, there
needs to be action-oriented strategies that focus only on important events.
เป้าประสงค์
๑.
มีแหล่งท่องเที่ยวทางธรรมชาติและวัฒนธรรมที่ได้มาตรฐาน
๒.
จำนวนผู้มาเยือนเพิ่มขึ้น
๓.
รายได้จากการท่องเที่ยวเพิ่มขึ้น
Goal
1. Increase natural attractions and cultural standards.
2. Increase the numbers tourist.
3. Increase revenue from tourism.
1. Increase natural attractions and cultural standards.
2. Increase the numbers tourist.
3. Increase revenue from tourism.
Etic and Emic Perspectives
An emic view is the view from within, the etic view is the view from outside.
Emic is what a person IN the culture studied would have, and an anthropologist would take an outsider's view.
For example all cultures have a taboo on incest. The emic view would be the cultural logic that makes the taboo logical for that culture such as a positive one - when you marry outside your family you extend your family's influence.
The etic view might point to a Darwinian explanation concerning the problems you can get with offspring if you marry someone with similar genes.
Obviously, before Darwin this was unknown and is not a culturally sensitive answer.
The problem with this etic view is that no culture would ever know that unless they had practiced incest- the problem with it can never be known.
This particular example is interesting, because the etic (which is our emic) is actually not correct. In most cases where the genes are healthy no problems ever occur with close relationships and animal breeders do it all the time; it happens in nature all the time without problem.
Looking at emic explanations from other cultures can reveal the cultural fallacies in our own.
Ref: http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20111024014600AAVz8LU
Emic is what a person IN the culture studied would have, and an anthropologist would take an outsider's view.
For example all cultures have a taboo on incest. The emic view would be the cultural logic that makes the taboo logical for that culture such as a positive one - when you marry outside your family you extend your family's influence.
The etic view might point to a Darwinian explanation concerning the problems you can get with offspring if you marry someone with similar genes.
Obviously, before Darwin this was unknown and is not a culturally sensitive answer.
The problem with this etic view is that no culture would ever know that unless they had practiced incest- the problem with it can never be known.
This particular example is interesting, because the etic (which is our emic) is actually not correct. In most cases where the genes are healthy no problems ever occur with close relationships and animal breeders do it all the time; it happens in nature all the time without problem.
Looking at emic explanations from other cultures can reveal the cultural fallacies in our own.
Ref: http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20111024014600AAVz8LU
Twelve Major Characteristics of Qualitative Research
Design
Strategies
1. Naturalistic inquiry
Studying real-world situations as they unfold naturally; non- manipulative
and non-controlling; openness to whatever emerges (lack of predetermined
constraints on findings).
2. Emergent design flexibility
Openness to adapting inquiry as understanding deepens and/or situations to
change; the researcher avoids getting locked into rigid designs that eliminate
responsiveness and pursues new paths of discovery as they emerge.
3. Purposeful sampling
Cases for study (e.g., people, organizations, communities, cultures, events,
critical incidences) are selected because they are “information rich” and
illuminative, that is, they offer useful manifestations of the phenomenon of
interest; sampling, then, is aimed at insight about the phenomenon, not
empirical generalization from a sample to a population.
Data-Collection
and Fieldwork Strategies
4. Qualitative data
Observations that yield detailed, thick description; inquiry in depth; interviews
that capture direct quotations about people’s personal perspectives and
experiences; case studies; careful document review.
5. Personal experience and engagement
The researcher has direct contact with and gets
close to the people, situation, and phenomenon under study; the researcher’s
personal experiences and insights are an important part of the inquiry and critical
to understanding the phenomenon.
6. Empathic neutrality and mindfulness
An empathic stance in interviewing seeks vicarious understanding without
judgment (neutrality) by showing openness, sensitivity, respect, awareness, and
responsiveness; in observation it means being fully present (mindfulness).
7. Dynamic systems
Attention to process; assumes change as ongoing whether focus is on an
individual, an organization, a community, or an entire culture; therefore,
mindful of and attentive to system and situation dynamics.
Analysis
Strategies
8. Unique case orientation
Assumes that each case is special and unique; the first level of analysis
is being true to, respecting, and capturing the details of the individual cases
being studied; cross-case analysis follows from and depends on the quality of
individual case studies.
9. Inductive analysis and creative
synthesis
Immersion in the details and specifics of the data to discover important
patterns, themes, and interrelationships; begins by exploring, then confirming,
guided by analytical principles rather than rules, ends with a creative
synthesis.
10. Holistic perspective
The whole phenomenon under study is understood as a complex system that is
more than the sum of its parts; focus on complex inter-dependencies and system dynamics
that cannot meaningfully be reduced to a few discrete variables and linear,
cause effect relationships.
11. Context sensitivity
Places findings in a social, historical, and temporal context; careful about,
even dubious of, the possibility or meaningfulness of generalizations across
time and space; emphasizes instead careful comparative case analyses and
extrapolating patterns for possible transferability and adaptation in new
settings.
12. Voice, perspective, and
reflexivity
The qualitative analyst owns and is reflective about her or his own voice
and perspective; a credible voice conveys authenticity and trustworthiness; complete
objectivity being impossible and pure subjectivity undermining credibility, the
researcher’s focus becomes balance understanding and depicting the world authentically
in all its complexity while being self-analytical, politically aware, and
reflexive in consciousness.
Source: From M. Q.
Patton, Qualitative Research and Evaluation Methods, Third Edition, pp. 40–41,
copyright 2002 by Sage Publications, Inc.
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