The CDA
approaches, it can find all the theoretical levels of sociological and
socio-psychological theory (the concept of different theoretical levels is in
the tradition of Merton, 1967: 39–72):
- Epistemology, i.e. theories which provide models of the
conditions, contingencies and limit of human perception in general and
scientific perception in particular.
- General social theories, often called ‘grand theories’,
try to conceptualize the relations between social structure and social action
and thus link micro- and macro-sociological phenomena.Within this level, one
can distinguish between the more structuralist and the more individualist approaches.
To put it very simply, the former provide top-down explanations (structure>action),
whereas the latter prefer bottom-up explanations (action>structure). Many
modern theories try to reconcile these positions and imply some kind of
circularity between social action and social structure.
- Middle-range theories focus either upon specific social
phenomena (e.g. conflict, cognition, social networks) or on specific subsystems
of society (e.g. economy, politics, religion).
- Micro-sociological theories try to explain social
interaction, for example the resolution of the double contingency problem
(Parsons and Shils, 1951: 3–29) or the reconstruction of everyday procedures
which members of a society use to create their own social order, which is the
objective of ethno-methodology.
- Socio-psychogical theories concentrate upon the social
conditions of emotion and cognition and, compared to micro-sociology, prefer
causal explanations to a hermeneutic understanding of meaning.
- Discourse theories aim at the conceptualization of
discourse as a social phenomenon and try to explain its genesis and its
structure.
- Linguistic theories, e.g. theories of argumentation, of
grammar, of rhetoric, try to describe and explain the pattern specific to
language systems and verbal communication.
Ref: Ruth Wodak and Michael Meyer, Critical Discourse Analysis: History, Agenda,Theory, and
Methodology, page 24-25
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