Design
Strategies
1. Naturalistic inquiry
Studying real-world situations as they unfold naturally; non- manipulative
and non-controlling; openness to whatever emerges (lack of predetermined
constraints on findings).
2. Emergent design flexibility
Openness to adapting inquiry as understanding deepens and/or situations to
change; the researcher avoids getting locked into rigid designs that eliminate
responsiveness and pursues new paths of discovery as they emerge.
3. Purposeful sampling
Cases for study (e.g., people, organizations, communities, cultures, events,
critical incidences) are selected because they are “information rich” and
illuminative, that is, they offer useful manifestations of the phenomenon of
interest; sampling, then, is aimed at insight about the phenomenon, not
empirical generalization from a sample to a population.
Data-Collection
and Fieldwork Strategies
4. Qualitative data
Observations that yield detailed, thick description; inquiry in depth; interviews
that capture direct quotations about people’s personal perspectives and
experiences; case studies; careful document review.
5. Personal experience and engagement
The researcher has direct contact with and gets
close to the people, situation, and phenomenon under study; the researcher’s
personal experiences and insights are an important part of the inquiry and critical
to understanding the phenomenon.
6. Empathic neutrality and mindfulness
An empathic stance in interviewing seeks vicarious understanding without
judgment (neutrality) by showing openness, sensitivity, respect, awareness, and
responsiveness; in observation it means being fully present (mindfulness).
7. Dynamic systems
Attention to process; assumes change as ongoing whether focus is on an
individual, an organization, a community, or an entire culture; therefore,
mindful of and attentive to system and situation dynamics.
Analysis
Strategies
8. Unique case orientation
Assumes that each case is special and unique; the first level of analysis
is being true to, respecting, and capturing the details of the individual cases
being studied; cross-case analysis follows from and depends on the quality of
individual case studies.
9. Inductive analysis and creative
synthesis
Immersion in the details and specifics of the data to discover important
patterns, themes, and interrelationships; begins by exploring, then confirming,
guided by analytical principles rather than rules, ends with a creative
synthesis.
10. Holistic perspective
The whole phenomenon under study is understood as a complex system that is
more than the sum of its parts; focus on complex inter-dependencies and system dynamics
that cannot meaningfully be reduced to a few discrete variables and linear,
cause effect relationships.
11. Context sensitivity
Places findings in a social, historical, and temporal context; careful about,
even dubious of, the possibility or meaningfulness of generalizations across
time and space; emphasizes instead careful comparative case analyses and
extrapolating patterns for possible transferability and adaptation in new
settings.
12. Voice, perspective, and
reflexivity
The qualitative analyst owns and is reflective about her or his own voice
and perspective; a credible voice conveys authenticity and trustworthiness; complete
objectivity being impossible and pure subjectivity undermining credibility, the
researcher’s focus becomes balance understanding and depicting the world authentically
in all its complexity while being self-analytical, politically aware, and
reflexive in consciousness.
Source: From M. Q.
Patton, Qualitative Research and Evaluation Methods, Third Edition, pp. 40–41,
copyright 2002 by Sage Publications, Inc.
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